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ownership stamp

  • 1 sello

    m.
    1 stamp.
    sello postal o de correos postage stamp
    2 rubber stamp.
    3 seal (lacre).
    4 signet ring (sortija).
    5 hallmark.
    ese libro lleva el sello de su autor this book is unmistakably the author's work
    6 reverse. (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Venezuelan Spanish)
    cara o sello heads or tails
    7 cachet.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: sellar.
    * * *
    1 (de correos) stamp
    2 (de estampar, precinto) seal
    3 (distintivo) hallmark, mark
    4 MEDICINA capsule
    \
    sello de distinción hallmark of distinction
    sello discográfico record label
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) seal
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Correos) stamp
    2) (=estampación) [personal, de rey] seal; [administrativo] stamp, official stamp; LAm [en reverso de moneda] tails

    sello de caucho, sello de goma — rubber stamp

    3) (Com) brand; (Mús) (tb: sello discográfico) record label; (Literat) publishing house

    sellos de prima — (Com) trading stamps

    4) (Med) capsule, pill
    5) (=marca) (tb: sello distintivo) hallmark, stamp
    * * *
    1) ( de correos) (postage) stamp; ( útil de oficina) rubber stamp; ( marca) stamp
    2)
    a) ( en el oro) hallmark
    b) (AmL) ( de una moneda) reverse

    ¿cara o sello? — (Andes, Ven) heads or tails?

    c) ( anillo) signet ring, seal ring
    d) ( elemento distintivo) hallmark
    e) (Mús) tb
    3) ( precinto) seal
    * * *
    = stamp, seal, seal impression, seal of approval.
    Ex. It describes the annual hobby exchanges week for 6th grade pupils at King's Cristian School library, when pupils swap collectable items eg baseball cards, stamps, coins and shells.
    Ex. Following the example of several European countries, West Germany has started work on compiling inventories of seals with the help of computer technology.
    Ex. This article provides a summary of the discoveries related to the storage of documents from the period of the Israelite and Judaean kings (circa 1000-587 B.C.), including ostraca (broken pieces of pottery with writing on them) and seals and seal impressions.
    Ex. These comics carry the CCA seal of approval on their covers, certifying that they do not contain nudity, sex or excessive violence.
    ----
    * coleccionista de sellos = stamp collector.
    * con sello = stamped.
    * llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar el sello distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar el sello distintivo de = have + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar la marca de, llevar el sello de = bear + the mark(s) of.
    * máquina expendedora de sellos = stamp dispenser.
    * poner el sello = stamp.
    * poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.
    * poner el sello de = rubber stamp.
    * sello de calidad = stamp of quality.
    * sello de caucho = rubber date stamp, rubber stamp.
    * sello de conformidad = stamp of approval.
    * sello de correos = postage stamp.
    * sello de fecha = date stamp.
    * sello de la biblioteca = library stamp.
    * sello de propiedad = ownership stamp.
    * sello discográfico = record label.
    * sello distintivo = hallmark.
    * sello para libros = book stamp.
    * sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print], hallmark.
    * * *
    1) ( de correos) (postage) stamp; ( útil de oficina) rubber stamp; ( marca) stamp
    2)
    a) ( en el oro) hallmark
    b) (AmL) ( de una moneda) reverse

    ¿cara o sello? — (Andes, Ven) heads or tails?

    c) ( anillo) signet ring, seal ring
    d) ( elemento distintivo) hallmark
    e) (Mús) tb
    3) ( precinto) seal
    * * *
    = stamp, seal, seal impression, seal of approval.

    Ex: It describes the annual hobby exchanges week for 6th grade pupils at King's Cristian School library, when pupils swap collectable items eg baseball cards, stamps, coins and shells.

    Ex: Following the example of several European countries, West Germany has started work on compiling inventories of seals with the help of computer technology.
    Ex: This article provides a summary of the discoveries related to the storage of documents from the period of the Israelite and Judaean kings (circa 1000-587 B.C.), including ostraca (broken pieces of pottery with writing on them) and seals and seal impressions.
    Ex: These comics carry the CCA seal of approval on their covers, certifying that they do not contain nudity, sex or excessive violence.
    * coleccionista de sellos = stamp collector.
    * con sello = stamped.
    * llevar el sello de = bear + the imprint of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar el sello distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar el sello distintivo de = have + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar la marca de, llevar el sello de = bear + the mark(s) of.
    * máquina expendedora de sellos = stamp dispenser.
    * poner el sello = stamp.
    * poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.
    * poner el sello de = rubber stamp.
    * sello de calidad = stamp of quality.
    * sello de caucho = rubber date stamp, rubber stamp.
    * sello de conformidad = stamp of approval.
    * sello de correos = postage stamp.
    * sello de fecha = date stamp.
    * sello de la biblioteca = library stamp.
    * sello de propiedad = ownership stamp.
    * sello discográfico = record label.
    * sello distintivo = hallmark.
    * sello para libros = book stamp.
    * sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print], hallmark.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de correos) stamp, postage stamp
    sello conmemorativo commemorative stamp
    2 (útil de oficina) rubber stamp; (marca) stamp
    Compuestos:
    time-stamp
    fiscal o revenue stamp
    B
    1 (en el oro) hallmark
    2 ( AmL) (de una moneda) reverse
    ¿cara o sello? (Andes, Ven); heads or tails?
    3 (anillo) signet ring, seal ring
    5 ( Mús) tb
    sello discográfico record label
    C (precinto) seal
    Compuesto:
    wax seal
    D ( Farm) capsule
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sellar: ( conjugate sellar)

    sello es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    selló es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    sellar    
    sello
    sellar ( conjugate sellar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b) ‹plata/oro› to hallmark

    2 ( cerrar) to seal
    sello sustantivo masculino
    1 ( de correos) (postage) stamp;
    ( útil de oficina) rubber stamp;
    ( marca) stamp
    2
    a) (en el oro, la plata) hallmark

    b) (AmL) ( de una moneda) reverse;

    ◊ ¿cara o sello? (Andes, Ven) heads or tails?



    e) (Mús) tb


    3 ( precinto) seal
    sellar verbo transitivo
    1 (estampar un sello entintado) to stamp
    2 (poner un sello a una carta) to stamp
    3 (cerrar un acuerdo) to seal: aún siguen las negociaciones, aunque esperan sellar el pacto próximamente, negotiations are still going on, although they hope to come to an agreement fairly soon
    4 (un recipiente, una entrada) to seal: es un antiguo acceso que en la actualidad está sellado, it's an ancient means of access which is sealed up at the moment
    sello sustantivo masculino
    1 (de correos) stamp
    (para documentos) seal, stamp
    2 (precinto) seal
    3 (impronta) mark, stamp
    ' sello' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    matar
    - póliza
    - sellar
    - cara
    - circular
    - cuño
    - despegar
    - estampilla
    - estampillar
    - repetido
    - timbre
    English:
    affix
    - hallmark
    - imprint
    - postage stamp
    - rubber stamp
    - seal
    - stamp
    - flip
    - hall
    - heads
    - postage
    - rubber
    - tails
    - toss
    - trade
    * * *
    sello nm
    1. [timbre] stamp
    sello de correos postage stamp;
    sello postal postage stamp
    2. [tampón] rubber stamp;
    [marca] stamp sello de caucho rubber stamp
    3. [lacre] seal
    4. [sortija] signet ring
    5. [carácter] hallmark;
    ese libro lleva el sello de su autor this book is unmistakably the work of its author
    6. [compañía] sello discográfico record label;
    sello editorial imprint;
    sello independiente independent record label
    7. Andes, Ven [de una moneda] reverse
    * * *
    m
    1 stamp;
    sello de calidad stamp of quality
    2 fig
    hallmark
    * * *
    sello nm
    1) : seal
    2) estampilla, timbre: postage stamp
    3) : hallmark, characteristic
    * * *
    sello n stamp

    Spanish-English dictionary > sello

  • 2 sello de propiedad

    Ex. The next step is to minimise the effects of any possible disaster by using waterproof ownership stamps.
    * * *

    Ex: The next step is to minimise the effects of any possible disaster by using waterproof ownership stamps.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sello de propiedad

  • 3 propiedad

    f.
    1 ownership (derecho).
    tener algo en propiedad to own something
    propiedad ajena other people's property
    propiedad horizontal joint ownership
    propiedad privada private property
    propiedad pública public ownership
    2 property.
    3 accuracy.
    expresarse o hablar con propiedad to express oneself precisely, to use words properly
    4 propriety, decency, correctness, appropriateness.
    * * *
    1 (derecho) ownership
    ■ ¿a quién corresponde la propiedad de esta finca? to whom does this property belong?
    ■ este campo es de mi propiedad I own this field, this field is my property
    2 (bien inmueble) property
    3 (corrección) propriety
    4 (cualidad) property
    \
    propiedad particular private property
    propiedad privada private property
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=pertenencia) possession, ownership

    • ser de la propiedad de algn — to be the property of sb, belong to sb

    es propiedad del municipio — it is the property of the town, it belongs to the council, it's council property

    • en propiedad, tener un puesto de trabajo en propiedad — to have tenure

    tener un piso/una parcela en el cementerio en propiedad — to own a flat/a plot of land in the cemetery

    adquirir una vivienda/un terreno en propiedad — to purchase a home/a piece of land ( land or property)

    ceder algo a algn en propiedad — to transfer to sb the full rights (of ownership) over sth, transfer sth completely to sb

    2) (=objeto poseído) property

    una propiedad — a property, a piece of property

    3) (Quím, Med) property
    4) (=característica) property, attribute
    5) (=adecuación) propriety

    hablar español con propiedad — (=expresarse bien) to have a good command of Spanish; (=hablar correctamente) to speak Spanish correctly, speak correct Spanish

    6) (=exactitud) accuracy
    7) (Com) (=derechos) right, rights pl

    propiedad intelectual, propiedad literaria — copyright

    * * *
    1)
    b) ( lo poseído) property
    2) ( cualidad) property; ( corrección)

    hablar/expresarse con propiedad — to speak/express oneself correctly

    •
    * * *
    1)
    b) ( lo poseído) property
    2) ( cualidad) property; ( corrección)

    hablar/expresarse con propiedad — to speak/express oneself correctly

    •
    * * *
    propiedad1
    1 = ownership, domain, estate, backyard, property.
    Nota: Posesión.

    Ex: The masthead is the statement of title, ownership, editors, etc., of a newspaper or periodical.

    Ex: The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex: The Portland Archive is one of the most valuable family and estate archives in the country describing how the Porland family built up its estates.
    Ex: Yet today the world has become the personal backyard of every owner of a television set.
    Ex: No property except bottles and casks containing this liquor shall be destroyed.
    * base de datos de propiedades = properties database.
    * carencia de propiedad rural = landlessness.
    * datos en propiedad = property data.
    * declaración de propiedad = claim.
    * delito contra la propiedad = property crime.
    * de + Posesivo + propiedad = personal property.
    * de propiedad exclusiva = proprietary.
    * de propiedad privada = privately owned [privately-owned], privately run.
    * derechos de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property rights.
    * derechos de propiedad = property rights.
    * deterioro de propiedad alquilada = dilapidation.
    * en propiedad de extranjeros = foreign-owned.
    * expropiación de propiedades = property condemnation.
    * impuesto sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria = property tax.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * información sobre propiedades inmobiliarias = real estate information.
    * ley de propiedad intelectual = intellectual property law.
    * Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = Copyright Act, the.
    * límites de una propiedad = metes and bounds.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * multipropiedad = multiproperty.
    * perder propiedades = lose + property.
    * propiedad comercial = business property.
    * propiedad cultural = cultural property.
    * propiedad de = owned by.
    * propiedad de la empresa = company-owned.
    * propiedad del estado = state property.
    * propiedad del gobierno = government-owned.
    * propiedades = holdings, bricks and mortar.
    * propiedad estatal = state property.
    * propiedad exclusiva = exclusive right.
    * propiedad industrial = industrial property.
    * propiedad inmobiliaria = real estate, home ownership.
    * propiedad intelectual = intellectual property.
    * propiedad militar = military property.
    * propiedad privada = private property, private estate.
    * registrar como propiedad literaria = copyright.
    * sello de propiedad = ownership stamp.
    * sin propiedades = propertyless.
    * sin propiedad rural = landless.
    * tenencia en propiedad = propertisation [propertization, -USA].
    * valor de la propiedad = property value.

    propiedad2

    Ex: A characteristic of subdivision is an attribute or property which all concepts in a given facet have in common, and by which isolates can be grouped.

    * propiedad física = physical property.
    * propiedad mecánica = mechanical property.
    * propiedad medicinal = medicinal value.
    * propiedad química = chemical property.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (pertenencia): la casa no es de mi propiedad, es alquilada the house isn't mine o I don't own the house, it's rented
    la finca es propiedad de mi hijo the estate belongs to o is owned by my son
    se disputan la propiedad de las tierras they're in dispute over the ownership of the land
    la empresa es de propiedad estatal the company is in state ownership
    delito contra la propiedad crime against property
    les dejó los terrenos en propiedad she left them the freehold to the land
    los cuadros exhibidos son propiedad de la fundación the paintings on show are the property of the foundation
    2 (lo poseído) property
    B
    1 (cualidad) property
    2
    (corrección): habla/se expresa con propiedad she speaks/expresses herself correctly
    se comportó con propiedad he behaved with decorum
    Compuestos:
    (sistema) condominium ( AmE), joint freehold ( BrE); (edificio) condominium ( AmE) ( building owned under joint freehold)
    patent rights (pl)
    real estate, property ( BrE)
    copyright
    ● propiedad privada/pública
    private/public property
    * * *

     

    propiedad sustantivo femenino
    1


    la casa es propiedad de mi hijo the house belongs to my son


    propiedad privada/pública private/public property
    2 ( cualidad) property;
    ( corrección):


    ‹ comportarse› with decorum
    propiedad sustantivo femenino
    1 (de bienes) ownership, property
    propiedad intelectual, copyright
    2 (cualidad, característica) property, quality
    3 (de lenguaje, comportamiento) correctness
    ' propiedad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bien
    - embargar
    - heredar
    - inscribir
    - pertenencia
    - proteger
    - reclamar
    - titular1
    - usurpar
    - virtud
    - arrendatario
    - condominio
    - corrección
    - devaluar
    - extender
    - finca
    - lonja
    - minifundio
    - pertenecer
    - revalorizar
    English:
    appraisal
    - assess
    - assign
    - be
    - condo
    - condominium
    - equity
    - exclusive
    - ownership
    - private property
    - property
    - revert
    - trespass
    - estate
    - free
    - mortgage
    - private
    - real
    - title
    * * *
    1. [derecho] ownership;
    [bienes] property;
    la casa es propiedad de sus padres the house belongs to o is owned by her parents;
    pertenecer en propiedad a alguien to rightfully belong to sb;
    propiedad horizontal condominium, horizontal property;
    la legislación en materia de propiedad horizontal the legislation on ownership of properties in tenements;
    propiedad industrial patent rights;
    propiedad privada private property;
    propiedad pública public ownership
    2. [facultad] property;
    las propiedades de una sustancia the properties of a substance;
    con propiedades medicinales with medicinal properties
    3. [exactitud] accuracy;
    expresarse o [m5] hablar con propiedad to use words properly;
    empleaste esa expresión con mucha propiedad you used exactly the right expression there
    * * *
    f property;
    ser propiedad de alguien be s.o.’s property
    * * *
    1) : property
    propiedad privada: private property
    2) : ownership
    3) cualidad: property, quality
    4) : suitability, appropriateness
    * * *
    propiedad n property [pl. properties]
    ser propiedad de alguien to belong to somebody / to be owned by somebody

    Spanish-English dictionary > propiedad

  • 4 propiedad1

    1 = ownership, domain, estate, backyard, property.
    Nota: Posesión.
    Ex. The masthead is the statement of title, ownership, editors, etc., of a newspaper or periodical.
    Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.
    Ex. The Portland Archive is one of the most valuable family and estate archives in the country describing how the Porland family built up its estates.
    Ex. Yet today the world has become the personal backyard of every owner of a television set.
    Ex. No property except bottles and casks containing this liquor shall be destroyed.
    ----
    * base de datos de propiedades = properties database.
    * carencia de propiedad rural = landlessness.
    * datos en propiedad = property data.
    * declaración de propiedad = claim.
    * delito contra la propiedad = property crime.
    * de + Posesivo + propiedad = personal property.
    * de propiedad exclusiva = proprietary.
    * de propiedad privada = privately owned [privately-owned], privately run.
    * derechos de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property rights.
    * derechos de propiedad = property rights.
    * deterioro de propiedad alquilada = dilapidation.
    * en propiedad de extranjeros = foreign-owned.
    * expropiación de propiedades = property condemnation.
    * impuesto sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria = property tax.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * información sobre propiedades inmobiliarias = real estate information.
    * ley de propiedad intelectual = intellectual property law.
    * Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = Copyright Act, the.
    * límites de una propiedad = metes and bounds.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * multipropiedad = multiproperty.
    * perder propiedades = lose + property.
    * propiedad comercial = business property.
    * propiedad cultural = cultural property.
    * propiedad de = owned by.
    * propiedad de la empresa = company-owned.
    * propiedad del estado = state property.
    * propiedad del gobierno = government-owned.
    * propiedades = holdings, bricks and mortar.
    * propiedad estatal = state property.
    * propiedad exclusiva = exclusive right.
    * propiedad industrial = industrial property.
    * propiedad inmobiliaria = real estate, home ownership.
    * propiedad intelectual = intellectual property.
    * propiedad militar = military property.
    * propiedad privada = private property, private estate.
    * registrar como propiedad literaria = copyright.
    * sello de propiedad = ownership stamp.
    * sin propiedades = propertyless.
    * sin propiedad rural = landless.
    * tenencia en propiedad = propertisation [propertization, -USA].
    * valor de la propiedad = property value.

    Spanish-English dictionary > propiedad1

  • 5 libro

    m.
    1 book.
    libro de bolsillo (pocket-sized) paperback
    libro de cabecera bedside book
    libro de cocina cookery book
    libro de consulta reference book
    libro de cuentos storybook
    libro de ejercicios exercise book
    libro electrónico electronic book
    libro de familia = document containing personal details of the members of a family
    libro de reclamaciones complaints book
    libro verde green paper
    2 omasum.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: librar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) book
    2 ZOOLOGÍA third stomach
    1 accounts
    \
    llevar los libros to do the bookkeeping
    libro blanco PLÍTICA white paper
    libro de cabecera (favorito) favourite book 2 (guía) bible
    libro de caja cash-book
    libro de cocina cookery book, recipe book, US cookbook
    libro de consulta reference book
    libro de coro hymn book
    libro de familia book recording details of births, marriages, etc. in a family
    libro de horas book of hours
    libro de reclamaciones complaints book
    libro de texto textbook
    libro de visitas visitors' book
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=obra impresa) book

    libro de cocina — cookery book, cookbook (EEUU)

    libro encuadernado, libro en pasta — hardback (book)

    libro escolar — (=informe) school report; [de texto] schoolbook

    libro mágico, libro móvil — pop-up book

    2) (=registro) book

    llevar los libros — (Com) to keep the books o accounts

    libro de caja — cash book, petty cash book

    libro de familia — booklet containing family details (marriage, births) used for official purposes

    libro de vuelos — (Aer) logbook

    libro genealógico — (Agr) herd-book

    3) (Pol)
    * * *
    1) (Impr) book

    colgar los libro — to quit (AmE) o (BrE) give up studying

    ser (como) un libro abierto: eres un libro abierto — I can read you like a book

    2) libros masculino plural (Fin)
    3) (Lit) ( parte) book
    •
    * * *
    = book, text.
    Ex. A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).
    Ex. The authors of this work have had experience behind both reference desks and classroom lecterns and have felt strongly the lack of an adequate text on the training and education of the reference librarian.
    ----
    * actitud ante los libros = set about books.
    * acto relacionado con el libro = book event.
    * adicto a los libros = bookaholic.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * almacén de libros = book-warehouse.
    * amante del libro = book lover [booklover].
    * amor por el libro = book-fancying.
    * anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.
    * arte del libro = bookmanship.
    * audiolibro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los libros raros = rare book librarianship.
    * cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.
    * caja para transportar libros = book bin.
    * capacidad para libros = book capacity.
    * carrito de los libros = book truck, book trolley.
    * catálogo de libros = booklist [book list].
    * catálogo de libros en venta = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.
    * catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.
    * ciencia del libro = bookmanship.
    * cinta adhesiva ancha para libros = book tape.
    * colección de libros = book collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.
    * colección de libros donados = gift collection.
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.
    * coleccionista de libros = book-collector.
    * colocador de libros = book shelver, shelver.
    * comercialización del libro = bookselling [book selling].
    * comercio del libro = bookselling [book selling], book trade [booktrade].
    * comercio del libro, el = book business, the.
    * compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.
    * comprador de libros = book buyer.
    * conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.
    * confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * crisis del libro = book crisis.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * depósito de libros = book depot.
    * deshojar un libro = tear + book.
    * devorador de libros = book-eating.
    * distribuidor de libros = book dealer.
    * donación de libros = gift collection, book endowment, book donation, book gift.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * encuadernación de libros = bookbinding [book-binding].
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.
    * estantería para libros = book racks.
    * etiqueta identificadora del libro = label.
    * exposición de libros = book display.
    * expositor de libros = book display stand.
    * fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * feria del libro = book fair.
    * ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].
    * formato libro = book form [bookform].
    * Fundación de Libros Panafricanos = Pan-African Book Foundation.
    * gastos de libros = book expenditure.
    * historia del libro = book history.
    * ilustración de libros = book illustration.
    * ilustrador de libros = book illustrator.
    * impresión de libros = book-printing.
    * impresor de libros = bookmaker.
    * índice de libro = book index.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * interesado por los libros = book-conscious.
    * interés por los libros = awareness of books.
    * ISBN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
    * ladrillos y libros = brick and book.
    * lector de libros = book reader.
    * libro antiguo = old book, antiquarian book, rare book.
    * libro azul = Blue book.
    * Libro Blanco = White Paper.
    * libro científico = scientific book, scholarly book.
    * libro comercial = trade book.
    * libro como objeto = book-object.
    * libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.
    * libro con ilustraciones = picture book.
    * libro conmemorativo = keepsake.
    * libro con precio de venta fijado = net book.
    * libro con precio de venta no fijado = non-net book.
    * libro de arte = art book.
    * libro de artista = livre d'artiste, artist's book.
    * libro de casos prácticos = case book.
    * libro de citas = citator.
    * libro de cocina = book on cookery, cookbook.
    * libro de codificación = codebook.
    * libro de consulta en sala = reserve room book.
    * libro de contabilidad = ledger.
    * libro de cuentas = account book.
    * libro de derecho = law book.
    * libro de divulgación científica = popular science book.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * libro de empresa = organisation manual.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * libro de firmas = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de historia = history book.
    * libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.
    * libro de honor = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de jardinería = gardening book.
    * libro de la biblioteca = library book.
    * libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.
    * libro de lujo = gift book.
    * libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].
    * libro de melodías = tunebook.
    * libro de navegación = book of navigation.
    * libro de notas = mark book.
    * libro de orígenes = studbook.
    * libro de pastas amarillas = yellow-back.
    * libro de prácticas = resource book.
    * libro de préstamo vencido = overdue book.
    * libro de recuerdo = keepsake.
    * libro de regalo = gift book.
    * libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * libro de reglas de un juego = rulebook.
    * libro de sermones = lectionary.
    * libro de sobremesa = coffee-table book.
    * libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].
    * libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.
    * libro de texto escolar = school text.
    * libro de viajes = travel book, travelogue [travelog, -USA].
    * libro educativo = educational book.
    * libro electrónico = electronic book (e-book/ebook).
    * libro encuadernado en tapa = hard book cover, hardback cover, hardback book.
    * libro en rústica = paperback, paperback book, paperbound book, trade paperback, pocketbook.
    * libro esencial = bedside book.
    * libro fantasma = dummy book.
    * libro ficticio = dummy book.
    * libro físico = physical book.
    * libro fotolitografiado = photolitho book.
    * libro frágil = brittle book.
    * libro genealógico = studbook.
    * libro grabado en audio = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro hablado = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro homenaje = Festschrift [Festschriften, -pl.], commemorative volume, memorial volume.
    * libro ilustrado = livre d'artiste, illustrated book.
    * libro impreso = press book, printed book.
    * libro impreso en pastas duras = board book.
    * libro infantil = children's book.
    * libro juvenil = young people's book, juvenile book.
    * libro litográfico = lithographed book.
    * libro litúrgico = liturgical work.
    * libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller], blockbuster.
    * libro miniatura = miniature book.
    * libro narrativo = fictional book.
    * libro para empollar = crammer.
    * libro parlante = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro prohibido = banned book.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * libro reservado = reserved book.
    * libros = book material.
    * libro sagrado = sacred book, sacred scripture.
    * Libros Americanos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbound Books in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.
    * Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).
    * libros en venta = books in print.
    * libro sonoro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libros sobre curiosidades = curiosa.
    * libro táctil = tactile book.
    * libro táctil de dibujos = tactile picture book.
    * libro tipográfico = letterpress book.
    * libro trofeo de guerra = trophy book.
    * libro verde = green paper.
    * lista de libros = booklist [book list].
    * lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.
    * lomo del libro = book spine.
    * máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.
    * maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * movimiento de libros = bookshift.
    * mundo del comercio del libro = book-trade life.
    * mundo del libro, el = book world, the.
    * mutilación de libros = book mutilation.
    * no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.
    * novelas o libros que se compran en el supermercado = self-help.
    * obsesionado con los libros = bookaholic.
    * obseso con los libros = bookaholic.
    * parásito del libro = book insect.
    * piojo de los libros = booklouse [booklice, -pl.].
    * posesión de libros propios = book ownership.
    * presentación de libros = book talk [booktalk/book-talk].
    * prestamista de libros = book lender.
    * préstamo de libros = book lending, checking out books.
    * prestar un libro = check out + book.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.
    * producción de libros = book production, book publishing.
    * promoción de libros = book promotion.
    * quema de libros = book burning.
    * que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.
    * recensión de libros = reviewing.
    * relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.
    * relacionado con los libros = book-related.
    * reproducción ilegal de libros = book piracy.
    * reserva de libro = book reservation.
    * reserva de libros = reserve book room.
    * reservar libros = reserve + books.
    * retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.
    * rincón del libro = book corner.
    * robo de libros = book stealing, book theft.
    * sacar libro en préstamo = borrow + book.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * seleccionador de libros = book selector.
    * selección de libros = book selection.
    * sello para libros = book stamp.
    * ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * ser un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.
    * servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sociedad sin libros = bookless society.
    * soporte de libro = book support.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * traslado de libros = bookmove.
    * vale canjeable por un libro = book token.
    * venta de libros = bookselling [book selling].
    * * *
    1) (Impr) book

    colgar los libro — to quit (AmE) o (BrE) give up studying

    ser (como) un libro abierto: eres un libro abierto — I can read you like a book

    2) libros masculino plural (Fin)
    3) (Lit) ( parte) book
    •
    * * *
    = book, text.

    Ex: A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).

    Ex: The authors of this work have had experience behind both reference desks and classroom lecterns and have felt strongly the lack of an adequate text on the training and education of the reference librarian.
    * actitud ante los libros = set about books.
    * acto relacionado con el libro = book event.
    * adicto a los libros = bookaholic.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * almacén de libros = book-warehouse.
    * amante del libro = book lover [booklover].
    * amor por el libro = book-fancying.
    * anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.
    * arte del libro = bookmanship.
    * audiolibro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los libros raros = rare book librarianship.
    * cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.
    * caja para transportar libros = book bin.
    * capacidad para libros = book capacity.
    * carrito de los libros = book truck, book trolley.
    * catálogo de libros = booklist [book list].
    * catálogo de libros en venta = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.
    * catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.
    * ciencia del libro = bookmanship.
    * cinta adhesiva ancha para libros = book tape.
    * colección de libros = book collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.
    * colección de libros donados = gift collection.
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.
    * coleccionista de libros = book-collector.
    * colocador de libros = book shelver, shelver.
    * comercialización del libro = bookselling [book selling].
    * comercio del libro = bookselling [book selling], book trade [booktrade].
    * comercio del libro, el = book business, the.
    * compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.
    * comprador de libros = book buyer.
    * conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.
    * confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * crisis del libro = book crisis.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * depósito de libros = book depot.
    * deshojar un libro = tear + book.
    * devorador de libros = book-eating.
    * distribuidor de libros = book dealer.
    * donación de libros = gift collection, book endowment, book donation, book gift.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * encuadernación de libros = bookbinding [book-binding].
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.
    * estantería para libros = book racks.
    * etiqueta identificadora del libro = label.
    * exposición de libros = book display.
    * expositor de libros = book display stand.
    * fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * feria del libro = book fair.
    * ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].
    * formato libro = book form [bookform].
    * Fundación de Libros Panafricanos = Pan-African Book Foundation.
    * gastos de libros = book expenditure.
    * historia del libro = book history.
    * ilustración de libros = book illustration.
    * ilustrador de libros = book illustrator.
    * impresión de libros = book-printing.
    * impresor de libros = bookmaker.
    * índice de libro = book index.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * interesado por los libros = book-conscious.
    * interés por los libros = awareness of books.
    * ISBN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
    * ladrillos y libros = brick and book.
    * lector de libros = book reader.
    * libro antiguo = old book, antiquarian book, rare book.
    * libro azul = Blue book.
    * Libro Blanco = White Paper.
    * libro científico = scientific book, scholarly book.
    * libro comercial = trade book.
    * libro como objeto = book-object.
    * libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.
    * libro con ilustraciones = picture book.
    * libro conmemorativo = keepsake.
    * libro con precio de venta fijado = net book.
    * libro con precio de venta no fijado = non-net book.
    * libro de arte = art book.
    * libro de artista = livre d'artiste, artist's book.
    * libro de casos prácticos = case book.
    * libro de citas = citator.
    * libro de cocina = book on cookery, cookbook.
    * libro de codificación = codebook.
    * libro de consulta en sala = reserve room book.
    * libro de contabilidad = ledger.
    * libro de cuentas = account book.
    * libro de derecho = law book.
    * libro de divulgación científica = popular science book.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * libro de empresa = organisation manual.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * libro de firmas = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de historia = history book.
    * libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.
    * libro de honor = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de jardinería = gardening book.
    * libro de la biblioteca = library book.
    * libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.
    * libro de lujo = gift book.
    * libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].
    * libro de melodías = tunebook.
    * libro de navegación = book of navigation.
    * libro de notas = mark book.
    * libro de orígenes = studbook.
    * libro de pastas amarillas = yellow-back.
    * libro de prácticas = resource book.
    * libro de préstamo vencido = overdue book.
    * libro de recuerdo = keepsake.
    * libro de regalo = gift book.
    * libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * libro de reglas de un juego = rulebook.
    * libro de sermones = lectionary.
    * libro de sobremesa = coffee-table book.
    * libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].
    * libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.
    * libro de texto escolar = school text.
    * libro de viajes = travel book, travelogue [travelog, -USA].
    * libro educativo = educational book.
    * libro electrónico = electronic book (e-book/ebook).
    * libro encuadernado en tapa = hard book cover, hardback cover, hardback book.
    * libro en rústica = paperback, paperback book, paperbound book, trade paperback, pocketbook.
    * libro esencial = bedside book.
    * libro fantasma = dummy book.
    * libro ficticio = dummy book.
    * libro físico = physical book.
    * libro fotolitografiado = photolitho book.
    * libro frágil = brittle book.
    * libro genealógico = studbook.
    * libro grabado en audio = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro hablado = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro homenaje = Festschrift [Festschriften, -pl.], commemorative volume, memorial volume.
    * libro ilustrado = livre d'artiste, illustrated book.
    * libro impreso = press book, printed book.
    * libro impreso en pastas duras = board book.
    * libro infantil = children's book.
    * libro juvenil = young people's book, juvenile book.
    * libro litográfico = lithographed book.
    * libro litúrgico = liturgical work.
    * libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller], blockbuster.
    * libro miniatura = miniature book.
    * libro narrativo = fictional book.
    * libro para empollar = crammer.
    * libro parlante = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro prohibido = banned book.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * libro reservado = reserved book.
    * libros = book material.
    * libro sagrado = sacred book, sacred scripture.
    * Libros Americanos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbound Books in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.
    * Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).
    * libros en venta = books in print.
    * libro sonoro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libros sobre curiosidades = curiosa.
    * libro táctil = tactile book.
    * libro táctil de dibujos = tactile picture book.
    * libro tipográfico = letterpress book.
    * libro trofeo de guerra = trophy book.
    * libro verde = green paper.
    * lista de libros = booklist [book list].
    * lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.
    * lomo del libro = book spine.
    * máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.
    * maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * movimiento de libros = bookshift.
    * mundo del comercio del libro = book-trade life.
    * mundo del libro, el = book world, the.
    * mutilación de libros = book mutilation.
    * no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.
    * novelas o libros que se compran en el supermercado = self-help.
    * obsesionado con los libros = bookaholic.
    * obseso con los libros = bookaholic.
    * parásito del libro = book insect.
    * piojo de los libros = booklouse [booklice, -pl.].
    * posesión de libros propios = book ownership.
    * presentación de libros = book talk [booktalk/book-talk].
    * prestamista de libros = book lender.
    * préstamo de libros = book lending, checking out books.
    * prestar un libro = check out + book.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.
    * producción de libros = book production, book publishing.
    * promoción de libros = book promotion.
    * quema de libros = book burning.
    * que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.
    * recensión de libros = reviewing.
    * relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.
    * relacionado con los libros = book-related.
    * reproducción ilegal de libros = book piracy.
    * reserva de libro = book reservation.
    * reserva de libros = reserve book room.
    * reservar libros = reserve + books.
    * retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.
    * rincón del libro = book corner.
    * robo de libros = book stealing, book theft.
    * sacar libro en préstamo = borrow + book.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * seleccionador de libros = book selector.
    * selección de libros = book selection.
    * sello para libros = book stamp.
    * ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * ser un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.
    * servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sociedad sin libros = bookless society.
    * soporte de libro = book support.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * traslado de libros = bookmove.
    * vale canjeable por un libro = book token.
    * venta de libros = bookselling [book selling].

    * * *
    A ( Impr) book
    un libro de arquitectura/sobre el imperio romano a book on architecture/on the Roman Empire
    un libro de cocina a cookbook, a cookery book ( BrE)
    hablar como un libro (abierto) (con afectación) to use high-flown o highfalutin language; (con sensatez) to talk sense, know what one is talking about
    perder los libros to lose one's touch, lose the knack ( colloq)
    sabérselas por libro ( Chi); to know every trick in the book, know what one is talking about/doing
    ser (como) un libro abierto to be an open book
    no intentes negarlo, eres un libro abierto don't try to deny it, I can read you like a book o you're an open book
    1 ( Fin):
    llevaba los libro de la empresa I was keeping the books o doing the bookkeeping for the company
    2
    (lectura): no le gustan los libros he doesn't like reading
    colgar los libro to quit ( AmE) o ( BrE) give up studying
    C ( Lit) (parte) book
    Compuestos:
    pop-up book
    (preparado — por el gobierno) consultation document, white paper ( BrE); (— por una organización independiente) report, consultation document
    minute book
    paperback
    cashbook
    reference book
    ● libro de contabilidad or cuentas
    ledger
    book of short stories
    school record
    style guide
    booklet recording details of one's marriage, children's birthdates, etc
    instruction manual
    reader
    teacher's book
    prayer book
    order book
    poetry book, book of poems
    new title
    complaints book
    register
    hardback
    textbook
    travel guide
    visitors' book; guest book
    daybook
    stock book
    ● libro mágico or mecánico or móvil
    pop-up book
    general ledger
    * * *

     

    Del verbo librar: ( conjugate librar)

    libro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    libró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    librar    
    libro
    librar ( conjugate librar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( liberar) libro a algn de algo ‹ de peligro› to save sb from sth;
    ‹de obligación/responsabilidad› to free sb from sth;
    ◊ ¡Dios nos libre! God forbid!

    2 ‹batalla/combate› to fight
    librarse verbo pronominal:

    librose de algo ‹de tarea/obligación› to get out of sth;
    librose de un castigo to escape punishment;
    se libró de tener que ayudarlo she got out of having to help him;
    se libroon de morir asfixiados they escaped being suffocated;
    librose de algn to get rid of sb
    libro sustantivo masculino (Impr) book;
    un libro de cocina a cookbook;
    llevar los libros (Fin) to do the bookkeeping;
    libro de bolsillo paperback;
    libro de consulta reference book;
    libro de escolaridad school record;
    libro de familia booklet recording details of one's marriage, children's birthdates, etc;
    libro de texto textbook
    librar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to free: me libró de un castigo, she let me off from a punishment
    2 (una orden de pago) to draw
    II vi (tener el día libre) libra los fines de semana, he has weekends off
    libro sustantivo masculino book
    Fin libro de cuentas, account book
    Educ libro de texto, textbook

    ' libro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - abarquillarse
    - agotada
    - agotado
    - analogía
    - apaisada
    - apaisado
    - apéndice
    - atravesarse
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastante
    - bien
    - bolsillo
    - cabecera
    - capítulo
    - censurar
    - cepillarse
    - cita
    - congratularse
    - cualquiera
    - cuerpo
    - curiosidad
    - datar
    - de
    - decir
    - deformación
    - desastre
    - desgraciada
    - desgraciado
    - devolver
    - diente
    - divertida
    - divertido
    - divulgación
    - edición
    - ejemplar
    - empalagosa
    - empalagoso
    - encuadernación
    - entender
    - feria
    - ficha
    - grabada
    - grabado
    - guía
    - hincar
    - hoja
    - homenaje
    - ilustrar
    English:
    about
    - above
    - abridged
    - acknowledgement
    - annual
    - appearance
    - audio
    - autograph
    - back
    - base
    - bash out
    - be
    - bed
    - bind
    - blockbuster
    - body
    - book
    - bookmark
    - bookrack
    - bore
    - boring
    - bound
    - bring out
    - browse
    - capture
    - chapter
    - coda
    - come out
    - content
    - cookbook
    - cookery book
    - copy
    - cover
    - crease
    - deadly
    - deal with
    - dedication
    - derivative
    - diary
    - dip into
    - dull
    - early
    - edit
    - editor
    - entitle
    - escape
    - exemplify
    - exploit
    - extract
    - fall
    * * *
    libro nm
    1. [impreso] book;
    un libro de aventuras a book of adventure stories;
    hablar como un libro to express oneself very clearly;
    Fam
    ser (como) un libro abierto to be an open book
    libro de bolsillo (pocket-sized) paperback;
    libro de cabecera bedside book;
    libro de canciones song book;
    libro de cocina cookbook, Br cookery book;
    libro de consulta reference book;
    libro de cuentos storybook;
    libro electrónico electronic book;
    libro de estilo style guide;
    libro de himnos hymn book;
    libro de instrucciones instruction book o manual;
    Rel libro sagrado Book [in Bible];
    libro de texto textbook;
    libro de viajes travel book
    2. Pol paper
    libro blanco white paper;
    libro verde green paper
    3. [registro] book;
    llevar los libros to keep the books
    Com libro de caja cashbook; Com libro de contabilidad accounts book; Educ libro de escolaridad = book containing a complete record of a pupil's academic results throughout his or her time at school;
    libro de familia = document containing personal details of the members of a family;
    libro de oro visitors' book [for important guests];
    libro de pedidos order book;
    libro de reclamaciones complaints book;
    libro de visitas visitors' book
    4. Fin libro diario [para transacciones] journal, day book
    * * *
    m book;
    colgar los libros quit studying;
    hablar como un libro talk like a book, use highfalutin language
    * * *
    libro nm
    1) : book
    libro de texto: textbook
    2) libros nmpl
    : books (in bookkeeping), accounts
    llevar los libros: to keep the books
    * * *
    libro n book

    Spanish-English dictionary > libro

  • 6 sello de la biblioteca

    Ex. Librarians are themselves defacers of books in their use of acidic library stamps and embossed ownership marks.
    * * *

    Ex: Librarians are themselves defacers of books in their use of acidic library stamps and embossed ownership marks.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sello de la biblioteca

  • 7 Kapitalstärke

    Kapitalstärke
    financial strength, sound financial position;
    • Kapitalsteuer capital levy, tax on capital;
    • vom Finanzamt zurückzuerstattender Kapitalsteueranteil net rate of tax (Br.);
    • Kapitalsteuerung investment control;
    • Kapitalstock capital fund;
    • Kapitalstrom capital flow;
    • Kapitalströme umleiten (umlenken) to redirect capital;
    • Kapitalstruktur capital (financial) structure, capital position (construction);
    • Kapitalstrukturschema set-up;
    • Kapitalstrukturverhältnis capital structure ratio;
    • Kapitalsuche search for capital;
    • auf Kapitalsuche sein to scratch around for funds;
    • Kapitalsumme capital [sum], principal, (Versicherung) insurance principal;
    • Kapitaltilgung redemption of principal, capital redemption;
    • Kapitaltransaktion capital transaction;
    • Kapitaltransfer[ierung] transfer of capital [stock], capital transfer;
    • Kapitalübernahmeplan für Arbeitnehmer employee stock ownership plan (US);
    • Kapitalüberschuss redundant capital, capital surplus (US);
    • Kapitalüberschussposten capital surplus item (US);
    • Kapitalübertragung, Kapitalüberweisung transfer of capital [stock], remittance of capital, capital transfer;
    • Kapitalumdisposition reinvestments, capital movement;
    • Kapitalumdispositionen vornehmen to reinvest;
    • Kapitalumgruppierung regrouping of capital;
    • Kapitalumlauf circulation of capital;
    • Kapitalumlenkung redirection of capital;
    • Kapitalumschichtung regrouping of capital;
    • Kapitalumschlag capital sales (turnover);
    • Kapitalumschlagshäufigkeit sales volume rate, total assets turnover;
    • Kapitalumschlagsplatz financial centre (Br.) (center, US);
    • Kapitalumschlagsverhältnis capital turnover rate;
    • Kapitalumstellung (AG) reorganization;
    • Kapitalumstrukturierung capital reconstruction;
    • Kapitalveränderung capital change;
    • Kapitalverbindlichkeit capital liability (commitment);
    • Kapitalverbindungen capital connections;
    • Kapitalverbrauch capital consumption;
    • Kapitalverflechtung[en] capital (financial) interrelation, capital link (connections), interlacing of capital;
    • internationale Kapitalverflechtung interpenetration of capital markets;
    • Kapitalverflüssigung liberation of capital;
    • Kapitalverhältnis capital ratio;
    • Kapitalverkehr movement of capital, capital movement (transactions);
    • freier Kapitalverkehr free movement of capital;
    • Kapitalverkehr beschränken to restrict the free movement of capital;
    • Kapitalverkehrssteuer [etwa] transfer tax (US), transfer stamp tax (Br.);
    • Kapitalverknappung tightness of money, lack of capital;
    • Kapitalverlagerung capital flow, shifting of capital;
    • Kapitalverlust capital loss, leakage;
    • Kapitalverlustkonto capital loss account;
    • Kapitalverlustreserve investment reserve fund;
    • Kapitalvermehrung increase of share capital (Br.) (capital stock, US);
    • Kapitalverminderung writing off, cut (impairment) of capital, capital reduction (US);
    • Kapitalvermögen property of a capital nature, funded property, capital assets (sum), wealth fund, (Einkommensteuerformular) shares and securities, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment estate;
    • Kapitalverpfändungen charges on capital;
    • wechselseitige Kapitalverpflechtung cross ownership;
    • Kapitalverpflichtungen capital liabilities (commitments), deficiency to owners;
    • Kapitalverschlechterung capital impairment;
    • Kapitalverschleiß capital depreciation;
    • Kapitalverschuldung capital liability;
    • Kapitalversicherung endowment insurance (assurance, Br.);
    • Kapitalversicherung auf den Erlebensfall pure endowment insurance (assurance, Br.);
    • Kapitalversicherung mit bestimmter Verfallzeit insurance for a fixed term;
    • Kapitalversicherungsgesellschaft stock insurance corporation (US);
    • Kapitalversorgung provision (supply) of capital, capital supply;
    • Kapitalverteilung distribution of capital, (Anlagen zu Kapital) current ratio;
    • Kapitalverwaltung fund administration, cash management;
    • Kapitalverwaltungsgesellschaft investment trust;
    • Kapitalverwässerung watering of stock, stock watering;
    • Kapitalverwendung capital appropriation, employment of capital, application (employment) of funds;
    • anderweitige Kapitalverwendung displacement of funds;
    • Kapitalverwendungsnachweis statement of application of funds, capital reconciliation statement (Br.);
    • Kapitalverwertung capital investment;
    • Kapitalverzehr depreciation of capital, capital depreciation (consumption).

    Business german-english dictionary > Kapitalstärke

  • 8 Wertpapieranschaffungspreis

    Wertpapieranschaffungspreis
    cost of securities;
    • Wertpapierarbitrage stock arbitrage;
    • Wertpapieraufruf retirement of securities;
    • Wertpapieraufstellung statement of securities deposited, (Investmentfonds) portfolio description;
    • Wertpapierausgabe issue of securities, delivery of stocks;
    • Wertpapierbeleihung pledging of securities, hypothecation of securities for a loan (US);
    • Wertpapierberater stock (security) analyst;
    • Wertpapierberatung andienen to offer security advice;
    • Wertpapierbereinigung validation of securities;
    • Wertpapierbesitz, Wertpapierbestand security ownership, security (share, stock, US) holdings, (Bilanz) holdings of securities, investment (equity, security) portfolio;
    • Wertpapierbesitzer security holder;
    • Wertpapierbeteiligungen equity holdings;
    • Wertpapierbewertung securities rating (US);
    • Wertpapierbörse stock exchange (market);
    • Wertpapierbranche securities industry;
    • Wertpapierdatenzentrale securities data and service centre;
    • Wertpapierdeponierung, Wertpapierdepot deposit of securities, securities deposit, depositor’s custody, security deposit account (US);
    • sein Wertpapierdepot zu Tageskursen in mündelsicheren Papieren anlegen to switch one’s portfolio of assets into gilts at current rates of interest (Br.);
    • Wertpapierdepotabteilung safe-custody department;
    • Wertpapierdruck bond printing;
    • Wertpapiereingang securities received;
    • Wertpapieremission security issue, issue of securities;
    • von der Muttergesellschaft verbürgte Wertpapieremission underlying security;
    • Wertpapieremissionskonsortium underwriting syndicate;
    • Wertpapieremittent issuer of securities;
    • Wertpapiererträge security income, income from securities;
    • Wertpapiererträge kapitalertragssteuerfrei erhalten to receive income from securities without deduction of income tax;
    • Wertpapierfachmann security (stock) analyst;
    • Wertpapierfonds securities fund;
    • Wertpapierfonds einer Investmentgesellschaft investment [company] portfolio;
    • Wertpapiergattung class of securities;
    • Wertpapiergebühr insured box rate (Br.);
    • Wertpapiergeschäft securities business, (einzelnes) transaction in securities;
    • steuerfreies Wertpapiergeschäft tax-free transaction;
    • Wertpapiergeschäft am Bankschalter over-the-counter market (Br.);
    • Wertpapiergesetz Uniform Negotiable Instruments Act (US);
    • Wertpapiergewinne profit taking;
    • Wertpapierguthaben securities holdings;
    • Wertpapierhandel trading in securities, security trading, securities dealings;
    • nachbörslicher Wertpapierhandel secondary distribution of securities, over-the-counter business (trade) (US);
    • Wertpapierhandelsgesetz (WpHG) [German] Securities Trading Act;
    • Wertpapierhändler securities dealer (trader), jobber in securities (Br.), stockbroker;
    • Wertpapierhändler sein to handle stocks and bonds, to job (Br.);
    • Wertpapierhinterlegung depositing of securities;
    • Wertpapierinhaber depositor, registered holder (Br.), stockholder;
    • Wertpapierkauf purchase of securities;
    • Wertpapierkauf zu verschiedenen Zeiten scale buying (US);
    • breit gestreute Wertpapierkäufe tätigen to go into a broader list of equities;
    • Wertpapierkennnummer (WKN) security number;
    • Wertpapierkommissionsgeschäft stock transaction for third account;
    • Wertpapierkonto security account;
    • Wertpapierkredit advance on securities, collateral loan (US);
    • Wertpapierkundschaft investing public;
    • Wertpapierkurs price quotation;
    • Wertpapierkurszettel exchange (price) list, list of market quotations, stock market report (US);
    • Wertpapierlieferung entgegennehmen to take delivery of stocks (Br.);
    • Wertpapierlombard lending on securities, collateral loan business (US), (einzelnes Geschäft) stock loan;
    • Wertpapiermarkt securities market;
    • Wertpapiermarkt bis in seine Grundfesten erschüttern to rock the securities market to its foundations;
    • Wertpapiernotierungen securities quotations;
    • Wertpapierpaket block of shares;
    • Wertpapierplatzierung placing securities with the public;
    • Wertpapierportefeuille holdings of securities, portfolio of investments (securities), investment (equity) portfolio;
    • Wertpapierrecht negotiable instruments law (US);
    • Wertpapierrendite security yield;
    • Wertpapiersammelkonto general deposit;
    • Wertpapiersondervermögen indenture trust;
    • Wertpapiersparen investment saving;
    • Wertpapierspitze fractional amount, fraction, odd lot (US);
    • Wertpapiersteuer stamp duty (tax, US), securities tax;
    • Wertpapierstückelung denomination;
    • Wertpapiertausch exchange of securities;
    • Wertpapiertransaktionen trading in security futures (US), forward transactions in securities, securities market transactions;
    • Wertpapierübertragung stock transfer (Br.);
    • Wertpapierumlauf circulation of securities;
    • Wertpapierumtausch conversion of securities;
    • Wertpapierunterbringung placing of securities with the public;
    • Wertpapierverkäufe sale of securities;
    • Wertpapierverkäufe zur Bezahlung der Einkommensteuer tax selling of securities;
    • Wertpapierverkäufe an Private private placement of securities;
    • Wertpapierverkehr trading in securities;
    • Wertpapiervermögen securities (equity, investment) portfolio;
    • gesamtes Wertpapiervermögen (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) total investments;
    • Wertpapierverwahrungsversicherung securities insurance;
    • Wertpapierverwaltung portfolio management;
    • Wertpapierverzeichnis statement of securities deposited;
    • Wertpapierzinsen interest on securities;
    • Wertpapierzulassung (Börse) listing of securities (US).

    Business german-english dictionary > Wertpapieranschaffungspreis

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 סמךְ

    סָמַךְ(b. h.) (to close, join, 1) to pack, make close, stamp. Shebi. III, 8 לא יִסְמוֹךְ בעפר one should not support the dam by packing earth upon it, v. סָבַךְ. Gen. R. s. 5 סְמָבָןוכ׳ he crowded them between (Lev. R. s. 10 שָׂמָן); a. e. 2) to support, stem. Midr. Till. to Ps. 136, עוג היה … וסוֹמְכוֹ Og broke a mountain loòse and threw it on the Israelites …, Moses took a pebble and mentioned the Holy Name over it and stemmed its fall; הידים שכך סוֹמְכוֹת the hands which thus stem (the mountain); Deut. R. s. 1, end; a. e. 3) to bring close, to join. Y.Sabb.III, 5d bot. אפי׳ לִסְמוֹךְ לו even to place a vessel close to it (to be warmed); Bab. ib. 38b. Y.Kil.II, 27d סוֹמְכִין עומריןוכ׳ you may put packed sheaves by the side of Kil. II, 7 לסמוך לווכ׳ to plant closely adjoining to it Ib. 8; a. fr.Esp. (sub. יד) a) to press hands on the head of a sacrifice (to indicate ownership). Men.IX, 8 הכל סוֹמְכִיןוכ׳ all persons are entitled to lay hands on their sacrifices, except Ḥag.II, 2 שלא לסמוך that the laying on of hands must not be done on the Holy Days. Ib. 3 ואין סומכין עליהם but hands must not be laid on them; a. fr.b) to lay hands on the head of a scholar, in gen. to ordain. Snh.14a the government decreed שכל הסומך יהרגוכ׳ that whosoever ordained a scholar should be put to death, and whosoever be ordained should be put to death, ועיר שסומכיןוכ׳ and the town wherein the ordination takes place Ib. וס׳ שם חמשהוכ׳ and he ordained there five elders. Ib. ר״מ לא סְמָכוֹר״ע that R. Akiba never ordained R. M.Ib. סומכין בארץ ונִסְמָכִיןוכ׳ if those ordaining stand on Palestinean ground, and those to be ordained outside of Palestine; a. fr. 4) to lean, to rely. Ber.9a, a. fr., v. כְּדָיי. Erub.65b נִסְמוֹךְ עלוכ׳ let us rely on the opinion of ; a. fr.Trnsf. a) to support; to find support for an opinion or a rule, (v. אַסְמַכְתָּא). Y.Shebi.X, 39c bot. (ref. to Deut. 15:3) מיכן סָמְכוּ לפרוזבולוכ׳ here they found a support for the prosbol as a Biblical institution, expl. בשהתקין הלל סְמָכוּהוּוכ׳ when Hillel had instituted it, they supported it by reference to b) (with ענין) to bring under the same rule laws which are joined in the Biblical text. Yeb.4a (ref. to Ex. 22:17 a. 18) סמכו עניין לווכ׳ they brought the subject (verse 17) close to it (verse 18) (to intimate) as the punishment for the one is stoning, so is it for the other. Ib. וכי מפני שסמכווכ׳ can we put a person to death on an intimation suggested merely by the neighborhood of two subjects? (v. סְמוּכִים, infra).Part. pass. סָמוּךְ; f. סְמוּכָה; pl. סְמוּכִים, סְמוּכִין; סְמוּכוֹת a) near, close by. Meg.3b וכל הס׳ לו and all (the inhabited area) adjoining it. Men.98a, a. e. על בס׳ the preposition ʿal means immediately on. Sifré Num. 131 הרבה פרשיות ס׳וכ׳ many sections (in the Torah) adjoin one another, and yet are (mentally) as far from one another Sabb.I, 2 ס׳ למנחה near Minḥah time; a. v. fr.Esp. סְמוּכִין, סְמוּכִים the interpretation founded on the fact of local junction of texts (v. supra). Yeb. l. c. ס׳ מן התורה מנין where is it intimated that Biblical texts are to be interpreted on the basis of proximity? Answ. (ref. to Ps. 111:8): they are arranged Ib. מאן דלא דריש ס׳ he who does not adopt the interpretation based on textual proximity. Ber.10a; a. fr.b) strong, hardened. Num. R. s. 9 לבה ס׳ עליהם her heart is hardened towards them (and their presence will prevent her from confessing her guilt); cmp. גּוּס I. Nif. נִסְמַךְ 1) to be adjoined. Ber. l. c. למה נִסְמְכָהוכ׳ why has the section referring to Absalom (Ps. 3) been joined to that relating to Gog and Magog (Ps. 2)? Tanḥ. Ḥuck. 20 ונ׳ להרוכ׳ and is close to the mountain opposite. M. Kat. 28a; a. fr. 2) to be ordained. Snh. l. c., v. supra. Yoma 87a שראויין לִיסָּמֵךְ who are worthy to be ordained; a. fr. Pi. סִימֵּךְ to support, prop. Y.Maasr.II, 50a top המְסַמֵּךְ בגפנים he who props vines. Yalk. Ex. 244 עוזר ומסמך אתהוכ׳ thou art a helper and supporter to all ; a. e.Part. pass. מְסוּמָּךְ, pl. מְסוּמָּכִין. Kel. II, 2 יושבין שלא מ׳ (vessels or fragments of vessels) resting without the need of a support. Hif. הִסְמִיךְ to pack, tread. Y. Maasr. l. c. ברגליו מַסְמִיךְ working with his feet is he who packs (sheaves ; Y.B. Mets.VII, beg.11b מקמץ). Hithpa. הִסְתַּמֵּךְ, Nithpa. נִסְתַּמֵּךְ to lean ones self. Gen. R. s. 45, end היתה מִסְתַּמֶּכֶת עלוכ׳ was leaning on her hand-maid. Sifré Num. 131 והיה מִסְתַּמֵּךְוכ׳ and he went off leaning on his stick; a. e.

    Jewish literature > סמךְ

  • 11 סָמַךְ

    סָמַךְ(b. h.) (to close, join, 1) to pack, make close, stamp. Shebi. III, 8 לא יִסְמוֹךְ בעפר one should not support the dam by packing earth upon it, v. סָבַךְ. Gen. R. s. 5 סְמָבָןוכ׳ he crowded them between (Lev. R. s. 10 שָׂמָן); a. e. 2) to support, stem. Midr. Till. to Ps. 136, עוג היה … וסוֹמְכוֹ Og broke a mountain loòse and threw it on the Israelites …, Moses took a pebble and mentioned the Holy Name over it and stemmed its fall; הידים שכך סוֹמְכוֹת the hands which thus stem (the mountain); Deut. R. s. 1, end; a. e. 3) to bring close, to join. Y.Sabb.III, 5d bot. אפי׳ לִסְמוֹךְ לו even to place a vessel close to it (to be warmed); Bab. ib. 38b. Y.Kil.II, 27d סוֹמְכִין עומריןוכ׳ you may put packed sheaves by the side of Kil. II, 7 לסמוך לווכ׳ to plant closely adjoining to it Ib. 8; a. fr.Esp. (sub. יד) a) to press hands on the head of a sacrifice (to indicate ownership). Men.IX, 8 הכל סוֹמְכִיןוכ׳ all persons are entitled to lay hands on their sacrifices, except Ḥag.II, 2 שלא לסמוך that the laying on of hands must not be done on the Holy Days. Ib. 3 ואין סומכין עליהם but hands must not be laid on them; a. fr.b) to lay hands on the head of a scholar, in gen. to ordain. Snh.14a the government decreed שכל הסומך יהרגוכ׳ that whosoever ordained a scholar should be put to death, and whosoever be ordained should be put to death, ועיר שסומכיןוכ׳ and the town wherein the ordination takes place Ib. וס׳ שם חמשהוכ׳ and he ordained there five elders. Ib. ר״מ לא סְמָכוֹר״ע that R. Akiba never ordained R. M.Ib. סומכין בארץ ונִסְמָכִיןוכ׳ if those ordaining stand on Palestinean ground, and those to be ordained outside of Palestine; a. fr. 4) to lean, to rely. Ber.9a, a. fr., v. כְּדָיי. Erub.65b נִסְמוֹךְ עלוכ׳ let us rely on the opinion of ; a. fr.Trnsf. a) to support; to find support for an opinion or a rule, (v. אַסְמַכְתָּא). Y.Shebi.X, 39c bot. (ref. to Deut. 15:3) מיכן סָמְכוּ לפרוזבולוכ׳ here they found a support for the prosbol as a Biblical institution, expl. בשהתקין הלל סְמָכוּהוּוכ׳ when Hillel had instituted it, they supported it by reference to b) (with ענין) to bring under the same rule laws which are joined in the Biblical text. Yeb.4a (ref. to Ex. 22:17 a. 18) סמכו עניין לווכ׳ they brought the subject (verse 17) close to it (verse 18) (to intimate) as the punishment for the one is stoning, so is it for the other. Ib. וכי מפני שסמכווכ׳ can we put a person to death on an intimation suggested merely by the neighborhood of two subjects? (v. סְמוּכִים, infra).Part. pass. סָמוּךְ; f. סְמוּכָה; pl. סְמוּכִים, סְמוּכִין; סְמוּכוֹת a) near, close by. Meg.3b וכל הס׳ לו and all (the inhabited area) adjoining it. Men.98a, a. e. על בס׳ the preposition ʿal means immediately on. Sifré Num. 131 הרבה פרשיות ס׳וכ׳ many sections (in the Torah) adjoin one another, and yet are (mentally) as far from one another Sabb.I, 2 ס׳ למנחה near Minḥah time; a. v. fr.Esp. סְמוּכִין, סְמוּכִים the interpretation founded on the fact of local junction of texts (v. supra). Yeb. l. c. ס׳ מן התורה מנין where is it intimated that Biblical texts are to be interpreted on the basis of proximity? Answ. (ref. to Ps. 111:8): they are arranged Ib. מאן דלא דריש ס׳ he who does not adopt the interpretation based on textual proximity. Ber.10a; a. fr.b) strong, hardened. Num. R. s. 9 לבה ס׳ עליהם her heart is hardened towards them (and their presence will prevent her from confessing her guilt); cmp. גּוּס I. Nif. נִסְמַךְ 1) to be adjoined. Ber. l. c. למה נִסְמְכָהוכ׳ why has the section referring to Absalom (Ps. 3) been joined to that relating to Gog and Magog (Ps. 2)? Tanḥ. Ḥuck. 20 ונ׳ להרוכ׳ and is close to the mountain opposite. M. Kat. 28a; a. fr. 2) to be ordained. Snh. l. c., v. supra. Yoma 87a שראויין לִיסָּמֵךְ who are worthy to be ordained; a. fr. Pi. סִימֵּךְ to support, prop. Y.Maasr.II, 50a top המְסַמֵּךְ בגפנים he who props vines. Yalk. Ex. 244 עוזר ומסמך אתהוכ׳ thou art a helper and supporter to all ; a. e.Part. pass. מְסוּמָּךְ, pl. מְסוּמָּכִין. Kel. II, 2 יושבין שלא מ׳ (vessels or fragments of vessels) resting without the need of a support. Hif. הִסְמִיךְ to pack, tread. Y. Maasr. l. c. ברגליו מַסְמִיךְ working with his feet is he who packs (sheaves ; Y.B. Mets.VII, beg.11b מקמץ). Hithpa. הִסְתַּמֵּךְ, Nithpa. נִסְתַּמֵּךְ to lean ones self. Gen. R. s. 45, end היתה מִסְתַּמֶּכֶת עלוכ׳ was leaning on her hand-maid. Sifré Num. 131 והיה מִסְתַּמֵּךְוכ׳ and he went off leaning on his stick; a. e.

    Jewish literature > סָמַךְ

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